Tico mendoza 20155/28/2023 Los efectos de las altas temperaturas, especialmente en las fases de germinación de las semillas, crecimiento, reproducción y llenado de los frutos traen efectos severos sobre el rendimiento (Harvey et al., 2018 Kgosikoma et al., 2018 Sada et al., 2014) y calidad de las cosechas (D´Agostino y Schhlenker, 2016 Lachaud et al., 2017 Moreira et al., 2018) con consecuencias importantes para la seguridad agroalimentaria de la población vulnerable (Fanzo et al., 2018), agudizando los niveles de pobreza alimentaria de los agricultores (Olayide y Alabi, 2018) La temperatura es considerada la variable climática más importante en las necesidades fisiológicas de las plantas (Filipe, Leitao, País y Cebola, 2015) y estudios han determinado que un incremento de 1 ☌ en la temperatura media causa daños a los cultivos (Peltonen-Sainio et al., 2016), por las alteraciones en las variables fisiológicas y reproductivas de las plantas (Gourdji et al., 2013 Nendel et al., 2019 Deis et al., 2015, Sun et al., 2018, caída de las hojas, flores y frutos por stress (Silveira, 2016) y disminución del proceso de la fotosíntesis, producción de biomasa y perdida de fecundidad (Nendel et al., 2018). This information is important for the national industry and may allow producers to define mitigation strategies for climate change. PCA analysis reported that meteorological variables were related to the distance of the site to the Pacific Ocean. Quilaco changed from a cool to a warm climate, while Osorno changed from without classification to a cool climate. Locations from Coquimbo and Central valleys changed from warm to hot climates. Locations in Coquimbo and Aconcagua valleys changed from intermediate to warm climates. Some stations with negative trends for CI also coincided with the highest Tmax. GST, GDD, HI, BEDD, SONMean and SONMax increased by 0.58 ✬, 118.29 heat units, 140.57 heat units, 79.72 heat units, 8.42 heat units and 45.17 heat units, respectively, while CI decreased by 0.19 ✬. None of the trends for precipitation (PP) were statistically significant. Tmin decreased by 0.33 ✬, while Tmax increased by 0.83 ✬. The highest frost risk was in Aysén, while the lowest was in Arica and Parinacota. Atacama presented the highest risk for T > 30 ☌, whereas Central and South Valleys for T > 35 ☌. Growing-season indices (GST, GDD and HI) showed that Central Valley was warmer than Arica and Parinacota, whereas the latter presented a higher sum of spring temperatures (SONMean and SONMax). The rainiest region was Austral, while the driest was Arica and Parinacota. Meteorological data indicated that the warmest zone was Atacama, while the coldest was Aysén. This research aimed to analyse the climate trends and variability of Chilean viticulture from 1985 to 2015, evaluating meteorological, bioclimatic and risk indices at forty-seven weather stations. Chile has been considered vulnerable to climate change, bringing a major concern to the national wine sector. In this fashion, Tonnieto and Carbonneau (2004) proposed a multicriteria climate classification (MCC), using three bioclimatic indices (HI, CI, and aridity index) for describing on a macro climatic scale, the viticultural regions, and relate them to different variables.Ĭhile is characterised by offering high-quality wine and table grapes and its renowned viticultural valleys. Based on this, previous reports have evaluated the evolution of climate in viticulture, providing adaptation guidelines to future changes in the climate (Jones and Davis, 2000 Tonietto and Carbonneau, 2004 Petrie and Sadras, 2008 Schwarz et al., 2010 Montes et al., 2012 Lereboullet et al., 2014 Deis et al., 2015 Jarvis et al., 2017 Jones, 2018 Cogato et al., 2019). To characterise the climate of a viticultural region, OIV (2015) proposes to evaluate long-term time series with a minimum of 30 years of climatic variables (average, minimum and maximum temperatures, precipitation, cold hours, evapotranspiration, among other variables), bioclimatic indices, and risk indices, such as frost days (number of days in which temperature is lower than 0 ☌) and maximum temperatures (number of days in which temperature is higher than 30 and 35 ☌).
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